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EMCRF - COMPATIBILIDADE ELETROMAGNÉTICA E RADIOFREQÜÊNCIA |
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THOMAS KRZESAJ |
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EMCRF - COMPATIBILIDADE ELETROMAGNÉTICA E RADIOFREQÜÊNCIA |
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Este site é mantido pelo Coordenador da ComUnidade WirelessBrasil com autorização e colaboração de Thomas Krzesaj
Thomas Krzesaj (thomas@ksolucoes.com.br) graduou-se 1998 na
Universidade Paul Sabatier (França). DUT Génie Electrique et Informatique
Industrielle com ênfase em Eletrônica e Micro-ondas; é mestrando em Física
na UFAM.
Atuou na Genius Instituto de Tecnologia - Manaus Brasil como engenheiro
pleno na implementação de um serviço de Compatibilidade Eletromagnética,
incluindo laboratório de pré-conformidade e diagnósticos. Hoje dirige sua
empresa, Khappa Soluções Ltda.
EMCRF -
COMPATIBILIDADE ELETROMAGNÉTICA E RADIOFREQÜÊNCIA
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Links para Artigos e notícias recentes Introdução à Compatibilidade Eletromagnética Padronização CEM Internacional Sites Recomendados
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EMCRF - COMPATIBILIDADE ELETROMAGNÉTICA E RADIOFREQÜÊNCIA
A Compatibilidade
Eletromagnética (CEM) é uma área técnica moderna e em desenvolvimento rápido
no Brasil e internacionalmente devido à evolução constante da complexidade
nos projetos eletro-eletrônicos e de telecomunicação.
O que é a Compatibilidade Eletromagnética?
Imunidade
A...E
PADRONIZAÇÃO CEM INTERNACIONAL 89/336/EEC (2000/C 359/02) - Harmonized standards for the implementation of the Council Directive CENELEC - European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization EN 300 162:1996—Electromagnetic compatibility and radio spectrum matters (ERM); Radiotelephone transmitters and receivers for the maritime mobile service operating in VHF bands; Technical characteristics/methods of measurement. EN 300 220-1:1997—Electromagnetic compatibility and radio spectrum matters (ERM); Short-range devices; Technical characteristics and test methods for radio equipment to be used in the 25 to 1000 MHz frequency range with power levels ranging up to 500 mW; Part 1: Parameters intended for regulatory purposes. EN 300 279:1999—Electromagnetic compatibility and radio spectrum matters (ERM); Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standard for private land mobile radio (PMR) and ancillary equipment (speech and/or non-speech). EN 300 339:1998—Electromagnetic compatibility and radio spectrum matters (ERM); General electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) for radio communications equipment. EN 300 385:1999—Electromagnetic compatibility and radio spectrum matters (ERM); Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standard for fixed radio links and ancillary equipment. EN 300 385/A1:1997—Radio equipment and systems (RES); Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standard for fixed radio links and ancillary equipment with data rates at around 2 Mbit/sec and above. EN 300 386:2000—Electromagnetic compatibility and radio spectrum matters (ERM); Telecommunication network equipment; Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements. EN 300 386-2:1997—Electromagnetic compatibility and radio spectrum matters (ERM); Telecommunication network equipment; Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements; Part 2: Product family standard. EN 50065-1:1991—Signaling on low-voltage electrical installations in the frequency range 3 to 148.5 kHz—Part 1: General requirements, frequency bands and electromagnetic disturbances; Amendment A1:1992 to EN 50065-1:1991; Amendment A2:1995 to EN 50065-1:1991; Amendment A3:1996 to EN 50065-1:1991. EN 50081-1:1992—Electromagnetic compatibility—Generic emission standard—Part 1: Residential, commercial, and light industry. EN 50081-2:1993—Electromagnetic compatibility—Generic emission standard—Part 2: Industrial environment. EN 50082-1:1992—Electromagnetic compatibility—Generic immunity standard—Part 1: Residential, commercial, and light industry. EN 50082-1:1997—Electromagnetic compatibility—Generic immunity standard—Part 1: Residential, commercial, and light industry. EN 50082-2:1995—Electromagnetic compatibility—Generic immunity standard—Part 2: Industrial environment. EN 50083-2:1995—Cabled networks for television signals, sound signals, and interactive services—Part 2: Electromagnetic compatibility for equipment; Amendment A1:1997 to EN 50083-2:1995. EN 50090-2-2:1996—Home and building electronic systems (HBES)—Part 2-2: System overview—General technical requirements. EN 50091-2:1995—Uninterruptible power systems (UPS)—Part 2: EMC requirements. EN 50130-4:1995—Alarm systems—Part 4: Electromagnetic compatibility—Product family standard: Immunity requirements for components of fire, intruder, and social alarm systems; Amendment A1:1998 to EN 50130-4:1995. EN 50148:1995—Electronic taximeters. EN 50199:1995—Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Product standard for arc welding equipment. EN 50227:1997—Control circuit devices and switching elements, proximity sensors, dc interface for proximity sensors and switching amplifiers (NAMUR). EN 50263:1999—Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Product standard for measuring relays and protection equipment. EN 50270:1999—Electromagnetic compatibility—Electrical apparatus for the detection and measurement of combustible gases, toxic gases, or oxygen. EN 50360:2001 - Product standard to demonstrate the compliance of mobile phones with the basic restrictions related to human exposure to electromagnetic fields (300 MHz-3 Hz). Used to demonstrate conformity with the essential requirements of the Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment(R&TTE) Directive (1999/5/EC). EN 55011:1991—Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) radio-frequency equipment; Amendment A2:1996 to EN 55011:1991; Amendment A1:1997 to EN 55011:1991. EN 55011 / CISPR 11:1998—Industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) radio-frequency equipment—Radio disturbance characteristics—Limits and methods of measurement; Amendment A1:1999 to EN 55011:1998. EN 55013:1990—Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of broadcast receivers and associated equipment; Amendment A12:1994 to EN 55013:1990; Amendment A13:1996 to EN 55013:1990; Amendment A14:1999 to EN 55013:1990. EN 55014-1 / CISPR 14:1993—Electromagnetic compatibility—Requirements for household appliances, electric tools, and similar apparatus—Part 1: Emission—Product family standard; Amendment A1:1997 to EN 55014-1:1993; Amendment A2:1999 to EN 55014-1:1993. CISPR 14-1 Ed. 4 Am 1-2001 EN 55014-2 / CISPR 14:1997—Electromagnetic compatibility—Requirements for household appliances, electric tools, and similar apparatus—Part 2: Immunity—Product family standard. CISPR 14-2 Ed. 1 Am 1-2001 EN 55015 / CISPR 15:1996—Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of electrical lighting and similar equipment; Amendment A1:1997 to EN 55015:1996; Amendment A2:1999 to EN 55015:1996. CISPR 15 Ed. 6 Am 1-2001 EN 55020:1994—Electromagnetic immunity of broadcast receivers and associated equipment; Amendment A11:1996 to EN 55020:1994; Amendment A12:1999 to EN 55020:1994; Amendment A13:1999 to EN 55020:1994; Amendment A14:1999 to EN 55020:1994. EN 55022 / CISPR 22:1994—Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of information technology equipment; Amendment A1:1995 to EN 55022:1994; Amendment A2:1997 to EN 55022:1994. EN 55022:1998—Information technology equipment—Radio disturbance characteristics—Limits and methods of measurement. EN 55024 / CISPR 24:1998—Information technology equipment—Immunity characteristics—Limits and methods of measurement: Amendment Ed. 1 Am 1:2001 EN 55103-1:1996—Electromagnetic compatibility—Product family standard for audio, video, audiovisual, and entertainment lighting control apparatus for professional use—Part 1: Emission. EN 55103-2:1996—Electromagnetic compatibility—Product family standard for audio, video, audiovisual, and entertainment lighting control apparatus for professional use—Part 2: Immunity. EN 55104:1995—Electromagnetic compatibility—Immunity requirements for household appliances, tools, and similar apparatus—Product family standard. EN 60204-31:1998—Safety of machinery—Electrical equipment of machines—Part 31: Particular safety and EMC requirements for sewing machines, units, and systems. EN 60439-1:1994—Low-voltage switch gear and control gear assemblies—Part 1: Type-tested and partially type-tested assemblies; Amendment A11:1996 to EN 60439-1:1994. EN 60439-1:1999—Low-voltage switch gear and control gear assemblies—Part 1: Type-tested and partially type-tested assemblies. EN 60521:1995—Class 0.5, 1, and 2 alternating-current watt-hour meters. EN 60555-2:1987—Disturbances in supply systems caused by household appliances and similar electrical equipment—Part 2: Harmonics. EN 60555-3:1987—Disturbances in supply systems caused by household appliances and similar electrical equipment—Part 3: Voltage fluctuations; Amendment A1:1991 to EN 60555-3:1987. EN 60669-2-1:1996—Switches for household and similar fixed electrical installations—Part 2: Particular requirements—Section 1: Electronic switches; Amendment A11:1997 to EN 60669-2-1:1996. EN 60669-2-2:1997—Switches for household and similar fixed electrical installations—Part 2: Particular requirements—Section 2: Electromagnetic remote-control switches (RCS). EN 60669-2-3:1997—Switches for household and similar fixed electrical installations—Part 2-3: Particular requirements—Time-delay switches (TDS). EN 60687:1992—Alternating current static watt-hour meters for active energy (classes 0.2 S and 0.5 S). EN 60730-1:1995—Automatic electrical controls for household and similar use—Part 1: General requirements; Amendment A11:1996 to EN 60730-1:1995; Amendment A17:2000 to EN 60730-1:1995. EN 60730-2-5:1995—Automatic electrical controls for household and similar use—Part 2: Particular requirements for automatic electrical burner control systems. EN 60730-2-6:1995—Automatic electrical controls for household and similar use—Part 2: Particular requirements for automatic electrical pressure sensing controls including mechanical requirements; Amendment A1:1997 to EN 60730-2-6:1995. EN 60730-2-7:1991—Automatic electrical controls for household and similar use—Part 2: Particular requirements for timers and time switches; Amendment A1:1997 to EN 60730-2-7:1991. EN 60730-2-8:1995—Automatic electrical controls for household and similar use—Part 2: Particular requirements for electrically operated water valves, including mechanical requirements; Amendment A2:1997 to EN 60730-2-8:1995; Amendment A1:1997 to EN 60730-2-8:1995. EN 60730-2-9:1995—Automatic electrical controls for household and similar use—Part 2: Particular requirements for temperature sensing controls; Amendment A1:1996 to EN 60730-2-9:1995; Amendment A2:1997 to EN 60730-2-9:1995. EN 60730-2-11:1993—Automatic electrical controls for household and similar use—Part 2: Particular requirements for energy regulators; Amendment A1:1997 to EN 60730-2-11:1993. EN 60730-2-13:1998—Automatic electrical controls for household and similar use—Part 2: Particular requirements for humidity sensing controls. EN 60730-2-14:1997—Automatic electrical controls for household and similar use—Part 2: Particular requirements for electric actuators. EN 60730-2-18:1999—Automatic electrical controls for household and similar use—Part 2: Particular requirements for automatic electrical water and air flow sensing controls, including mechanical requirements. EN 60870-2-1:1996—Telecontrol equipment and systems—Part 2: Operating conditions—Section 1: Power supply and electromagnetic compatibility. EN 60945:1997—Maritime navigation and radio communication equipment and systems—General requirements—Methods of testing and required test results. EN 60947-1:1997—Low-voltage switch gear and control gear—Part 1: General rules. EN 60947-1:1999—Low-voltage switch gear and control gear—Part 1: General rules. EN 60947-2:1996—Low-voltage switch gear and control gear—Part 2: Circuit breakers; Amendment A1:1997 to EN 60947-2:1996. EN 60947-3:1992—Low-voltage switch gear and control gear—Part 3: Switches, disconnectors, switch-disconnectors, and fuse-combination units; Amendment A1:1995 to EN 60947-3:1992. EN 60947-3:1999—Low-voltage switch gear and control gear—Part 3: Switches, disconnectors, switch-disconnectors, and fuse-combination units. EN 60947-4-1:1992—Low-voltage switch gear and control gear—Part 4-1: Contactors and motor starters—Electromechanical contactors and motor starters; Amendment A2:1997 to EN 60947-4-1:1992. EN 60947-4-2:1996—Low-voltage switch gear and control gear—Part 4: Contactors and motor starters—Section 2: Ac semiconductor motor controllers and starters; Amendment A2:1998 to EN 60947-4-2:1996. EN 60947-4-2:2000—Low-voltage switch gear and control gear—Part 4-2: Contactors and motor starters—Ac semiconductor motor controllers and starters. EN 60947-4-3:2000—Low-voltage switch gear and control gear—Part 4-3: Contactors and motor starters—Ac semiconductor controllers and contactors for non-motor loads. EN 60947-5-1:1991—Low-voltage switch gear and control gear—Part 5: Control circuit devices and switching elements—Section 1: Electromechanical control circuit devices; Amendment A12:1997 to EN 60947-5-1:1991. EN 60947-5-1:1997—Low-voltage switch gear and control gear—Part 5-1: Control circuit devices and switching elements—Electromechanical control circuit devices; Amendment A12:1999 to EN 60947-5-1:1997. EN 60947-5-2:1997—Low-voltage switch gear and control gear—Part 5: Control circuit devices and switching elements—Section 2: Proximity switches. EN 60947-5-2:1998—Low-voltage switch gear and control gear—Part 5-2: Control circuit devices and switching elements—Proximity switches. EN 60947-5-3:1999—Low-voltage switch gear and control gear—Part 5-3: Control circuit devices and switching elements—Requirements for proximity devices with defined behavior under fault conditions (PDF). EN 60947-5-6:2000—Low-voltage switch gear and control gear—Part 5-6: Control circuit devices and switching elements—Dc interface for proximity sensors and switching amplifiers (NAMUR). EN 60947-6-1:1991—Low-voltage switch gear and control gear—Part 6-1: Multiple-function equipment—Automatic transfer switching equipment; Amendment A2:1997 to EN 60947-6-1:1991. EN 60947-6-2:1993—Low-voltage switch gear and control gear—Part 6-2: Multiple-function equipment—Control and protective switching devices (or equipment) (CPS); Amendment A1:1997 to EN 60947-6-2:1993. EN 61000-3-2/ IEC 1000-3-2 / EN 60555-2:1995—Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 3-2: Limits—Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current up to and including 16 A per phase); Amendment A1:1998 to EN 61000-3-2:1995; Amendment A2:1998 to EN 61000-3-2:1995; Amendment A14:2000 to EN 61000-3-2:1995. EN 61000-3-3/ IEC 1000-3-3 / EN 60555-3:1995—Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 3-3: Limits—Limitation of voltage fluctuations and flicker in low-voltage supply systems for equipment with rated current up to 16 A. EN 61000-3-11:2000—Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 3-11: Limits—Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations, and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems—Equipment with rated current ¾75 A and subject to conditional connection. EN 61000-4-2 / IEC 61000-4-2-Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)-Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques Section 2: Electrostatic discharge immunity test (ESD) EN 61000-4-3 / IEC 61000-4-3 (ENV 50140 & ENV 50204)-Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)-Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques, Section 3: Radiated, radio frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test EN 61000-4-4 / IEC 61000-4-4 -Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)-Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques Section 4: Electrical fast transient / burst immunity test IEC 61000-4-4-am2 to Ed. 1:2001 EN 61000-4-5 / IEC 61000-4-5 (ENV 50142)-Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)-Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques Section 5: Surge immunity requirements EN 61000-4-6/ IEC 61000-4-6 (ENV 50141):1996—Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 4-6: Testing and measurement techniques—Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields. EN 61000-4-7:1993—Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 4-7: Testing and measurement techniques—General guide on harmonics and interharmonics measurements and instrumentation, for power supply systems and equipment connected thereto. EN 61000-4-8/ IEC 61000-4-8:1993—Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 4-8: Testing and measurement techniques—Power frequency magnetic field immunity test. EN 61000-4-9/ IEC 61000-4-8:1993—Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 4-9: Testing and measurement techniques—Pulse magnetic field immunity test.6 EN 61000-4-11 / IEC 61000-4-11-Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)-Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques Section 11: Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests EN 61000-4-23:2000—Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 4-23: Testing and measurement techniques—Test methods for protective devices for HEMP and other radiated disturbances. EN 61000-4-28 / IEC 61000-4-28:2000—Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 4-28: Testing and measurement techniques—Variation of power frequency, immunity test.am1 to Ed. 1:2001 EN 61000-6-2:1999—Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 6-2: Generic standards—Immunity for industrial environments. EN 61008-1:1994—Electrical accessories—Residual current–operated circuit breakers (RCCBs) without integral overcurrent protection for household and similar uses—Part 1: General rules; Amendment A2:1995 to EN 61008-1:1994; Amendment A14:1998 to EN 61008-1:1994. EN 61009-1:1994—Electrical accessories—Residual current–operated circuit breakers (RCCBs) with integral overcurrent protection for household and similar uses—Part 1: General rules; Amendment A1:1995 to EN 61009-1:1994; Amendment A14:1998 to EN 61009-1:1994. EN 61036:1996—Alternating current static watt-hour meters for active energy (classes 1 and 2); Amendment A1:2000 to EN 61036:1996. EN 61037:1992—Electricity metering—Tariff and load control—Particular requirements for electronic ripple control receivers; Amendment A1:1996 to EN 61037:1992; Amendment A2:1998 to EN 61037:1992. EN 61038:1992—Electricity metering—Tariff and load control—Particular requirements for time switches; Amendment A1:1996 to EN 61038:1992; Amendment A2:1998 to EN 61038:1992. EN 61131-2:1994—Programmable controllers—Part 2: Equipment requirements and tests; Amendment A11:1996 to EN 61131-2:1994; Amendment A12:2000 to EN 61131-2:1994. EN 61248-3:1997—Transformers and inductors for use in electronic and telecommunication equipment—Part 3: Sectional specification for power transformers on the basis of the capability approval procedure. EN 61248-4:1997—Transformers and inductors for use in electronic and telecommunication equipment—Part 4: Sectional specification for power transformers for switched mode power supplies (SMPS) on the basis of the capability approval procedure. EN 61268:1996—Alternating current static var-hour meters for reactive energy (classes 2 and 3). EN 61326:1997—Electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use—EMC requirements; Amendment A1:1998 to EN 61326:1997. EN 61543:1995—Residual current–operated protective devices (RCDs) for household and similar use—Electromagnetic compatibility. EN 61547:1995—Equipment for general lighting purposes—EMC immunity requirements. EN 61800-3:1996—Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems—Part 3: EMC product standard including specific test methods; Amendment A11:2000 to EN 61800-3:1996. EN 61812-1:1996—Specified time relays for industrial use—Part 1: Requirements and tests; Amendment A11:1999 to EN 61812-1:1996. EN 62053-31:1998—Electricity metering equipment (ac)—Particular requirements—Part 31: Pulse output devices for electromechanical and electronic meters (two wires only). CEN - European Committee for Standardization EN 12015:1998—Electromagnetic compatibility—Product family standard for lifts, escalators, and passenger conveyors—Emission. EN 12016:1998—Electromagnetic compatibility—Product family standard for lifts, escalators, and passenger conveyors—Immunity. EN ISO 14982:1998—Agricultural and forestry machines—Electromagnetic compatibility—Test methods and acceptance criteria (ISO 14982:1998). ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETS 300 086/A2:1997—Radio equipment and systems (RES); Land mobile group; Technical characteristics and test conditions for radio equipment with an internal or external RF connector intended primarily for analog speech. ETS 300 113/A1:1997—Radio equipment and systems (RES); Land mobile service; Technical characteristics and test conditions for radio equipment intended for the transmission of data (and speech) and having an antenna connector. ETS 300 127:1994—Equipment engineering (EE); Radiated emission testing of physically large telecommunication systems. ETS 300 135/A1:1997—Radio equipment and systems (RES); Angle-modulated citizens band radio equipment (CEPT PR 27 Radio Equipment); Technical characteristics and methods of measurement. ETS 300 162:1998—Electromagnetic compatibility and radio spectrum matters (ERM); Radiotelephone transmitters and receivers for the maritime mobile service operating in VHF bands; Technical characteristics and methods of measurement. ETS 300 197/A2:1997—Transmission and multiplexing (TM); Parameters for radio relay systems for the transmission of digital signals and analog video signals operating at 38 GHz. ETS 300 198/A1:1997—Transmission and multiplexing (TM); Parameters for radio relay systems for the transmission of digital signals and analog video signals operating at 23 GHz. ETS 300 224:1998—Electromagnetic compatibility and radio spectrum matters (ERM); On-site paging service; Technical and functional characteristics for on-site paging systems, including test methods. ETS 300 279/A1:1997—Radio equipment and systems (RES); Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standard for private land mobile radio (PMR) and ancillary equipment (speech and/or nonspeech). ETS 300 296/A1:1997—Radio equipment and systems (RES); Land mobile service; Technical characteristics and test conditions for radio equipment using integral antennas intended primarily for analog speech. ETS 300 328/A1:1997—Radio equipment and systems (RES); Wideband transmission systems; Technical characteristics and test conditions for data transmission equipment operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band and using spread-spectrum modulation techniques. ETS 300 329:1997—Radio equipment and systems (RES); Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) for digital enhanced cordless telecommunications (DECT) equipment. ETS 300 340/A1:1997—Radio equipment and systems (RES); Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) for European radio message system (ERMES) paging receivers. ETS 300 341/A1:1997—Radio equipment and systems (RES); Land mobile service; Technical characteristics and test conditions for radio equipment using an integral antenna transmitting signals to initiate a specific response in the receiver. ETS 300 342-1:1997—Radio equipment and systems (RES); Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) for European digital cellular telecommunications system (GSM 900 MHz and DCS 1800 MHz); Part 1: Mobile and portable radio and ancillary equipment. ETS 300 384/A1:1997—Radio broadcasting systems; Very high frequency (VHF), frequency modulated, sound broadcasting transmitters. ETS 300 386-1:1994—Equipment engineering (EE); Telecommunication network equipment; Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements; Part 1: Product family overview, compliance criteria, and test levels. ETS 300 390/A1:1997—Radio equipment and systems -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AIR AIR 1147:1970—Electromagnetic interference on aircraft from jet engine charging. AIR 1209:1998—Construction and calibration of parallel plate transmission line for electromagnetic interference susceptibility testing. AIR 1221:1971—Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) system design checklist. AIR 1255:1971—Spectrum analyzers for electromagnetic interference measurements. AIR 1394:1998—Cabling guidelines for electromagnetic compatibility. AIR 1404:1976—Dc resistivity versus RF impedance of EMI gaskets. AIR 1423:1977—Electromagnetic compatibility on gas turbine engines for aircraft propulsion. AIR 1425:1998—Methods of achieving electromagnetic compatibility of gas turbine engine accessories, for self-propelled vehicles. AIR 1700:1998—Upper frequency measurement boundary for evaluation of shielding effectiveness in cylindrical systems. ANSI - American National Standards Institute ANSI C37.32:1996—American national standard for switchgear—High-voltage air switches, bus supports, and switch accessories—Schedules of preferred ratings, manufacturing specifications, and application guide. ANSI C37.42:1996—American national standard for switchgear—Distribution cutouts and fuse links—Specifications. ANSI C37.44:1981 (R1987)—American national standard specifications for distribution oil cutouts and fuse links. ANSI C37.45:1981 (R1987)—American national standard specifications for distribution enclosed single-pole air switches. ANSI C37.50:1989—American national standard for switchgear—Low-voltage ac power circuit breakers used in enclosures—Test procedures. ANSI C37.51:1989—American national standard for switchgear—Metal-enclosed low-voltage ac power circuit-breaker switchgear assemblies—Conformance test procedures. ANSI C37.52:1974 (R1989)—American national standard test procedures for low-voltage ac power circuit protectors used in enclosures. ANSI C37.54:1996—American national standard for switchgear—Indoor alternating-current high-voltage circuit breakers applied as removable elements in metal-enclosed switchgear assemblies—Conformance test procedures. ANSI C37.55:1989—American national standard for switchgear—Metal-clad switchgear assemblies—Conformance test procedures. ANSI C37.57:1990—American national standard for switchgear—Metal-enclosed interrupter switchgear assemblies—Conformance testing. ANSI C37.58:1990—American national standard for switchgear—Indoor ac medium-voltage switches for use in metal-enclosed switchgear—Conformance test procedures. ANSI C37.66:1969 (R1988)—American national standard for requirements for oil-filled capacitor switches for alternating-current systems. ANSI C37.85:1989 (R1998)—American national standard for switchgear—Alternating-current high-voltage power vacuum interrupters—Safety requirements for x-radiation limits. ANSI C62.48-2000 - Guide on Interactions Between Power System Disturbances and Surge-Protective Devices ANSI C63.011:2000—American national standard for limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) radio-frequency equipment. ANSI C63.022:1996—American national standard for limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of information technology equipment. ANSI C63.2:1996—American national standard for electromagnetic noise and field strength instrumentation, 10 kHz to 40 GHz specifications. ANSI C63.4:2000—Interim standard for methods of measurement of radio noise emissions from low-voltage electrical and electronics equipment in the range of 9 kHz to 40 GHz. ANSI C63.5:1998—American national standard for electromagnetic compatibility—Radiated emission measurements in electromagnetic interference (EMI) control—Calibration of antennas. ANSI C63.6:1996—American national standard guide for the computation of errors in open-area test site measurements. ANSI C63.7:1992—American national standard for construction of open-area test sites for performing radiated emission measurements. ANSI C63.12:1999—American national standard for recommended practice for electromagnetic compatibility limits. ANSI C63.13:1991—American national standard guide on the application and evaluation of EMI power-line filters for commercial use. ANSI C63.14:1998—American national standard dictionary for technologies of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), electromagnetic pulse (EMP), and electrostatic discharge (ESD). ANSI C63.17:1998—American national standard for methods of measurement of the electromagnetic and operational compatibility of unlicensed personal communications services (UPCS) devices. ANSI C63.18:1997—American national standard recommended practice for an on-site ad hoc test method for estimating radiated electromagnetic immunity of medical devices to specific radio-frequency transmitters. ARP ARP 936:1989—Capacitor, 10 µF for EMI measurements. ARP 958:1997—Electromagnetic interference measurement antennas—Standard calibration method. ARP 958D:1999—Electromagnetic interference measurement antennas—Standard calibration method. ARP 1172:1972—Filters, conventional, electromagnetic interference reduction, general specification. ARP 1173:1975—Test procedure to measure the RF shielding characteristics of EMI gaskets. ARP 1267:1973—Electromagnetic interference measurement impulse generators—Standard calibration requirements and techniques. ARP 1481:1998—Corrosion control and electrical conductivity in enclosure design. ARP 1705:1981—Coaxial test procedure to measure the RF shielding characteristics of EMI gasket materials. ARP 1870:1987—Aerospace systems electrical bonding and grounding for electromagnetic compatibility and safety. ARP 1972:1993—Recommended measurement practices and procedures for EMC testing. ARP 4242:1999—Electromagnetic compatibility control requirements systems. ARP 4244:1998—Recommended insertion-loss test methods for EMI power-line filters. ARP 5412:1999—Aircraft lightning environment and related test waveforms. ARP 5413:1999—Certification of aircraft electrical/electronic systems for the indirect effects of lightning. AS AS 13441:1998—Test methods for electrical connectors. AS 25064:1999—Conduit, flexible, radio-frequency shielding. AS 8023:1985—Minimum performance standards for airborne static electric power inverters. ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM B904:2000—Standard specification for autocatalytic nickel over autocatalytic copper for electromagnetic interference shielding. ASTM E1004:1994—Electrical conductivity, using the electromagnetic (eddy-current) method, determining. IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 60950-1 : 2001-10 ( Ed. 1.0) - General requirements for the safety of information technology equipment. IEC 61000-3-2 (2001-10) Consolidated Ed. 2.1, "Limits for harmonic current emissions for electronic equipment <= 16A per phase" IEC 61643-1-am1 (2001-10), "Surge protective devices connected to low-voltage power distribution systems-Part 1: Performance requirements and testing methods" IEC 60364-4-44, "Electrical installations of buildings protection against voltage and electromagnetic disturbances" IEC 61340-4-3 (2001), "ESD testing of footwear" IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE 32:1972 (R1997)—IEEE standard requirements, terminology, and test procedures for neutral grounding devices. IEEE 81:1994—Earth resistivity, measuring, ground impedance, and earth surface potentials of a ground system. IEEE 139:1988 (R1999)—IEEE recommended practice for the measurement of radio-frequency emission from industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) equipment installed on user's premises. IEEE 140:1990 (R1995)—IEEE recommended practice for minimization of interference from radio-frequency heating equipment. IEEE 213:1987 (R1998)—IEEE standard procedure for measuring conducted emissions in the range of 300 kHz to 25 MHz from television and FM broadcast receivers to power lines. IEEE 291:1991—IEEE standard methods for measuring electromagnetic field strength of sinusoidal continuous waves, 30 Hz to 30 GHz. IEEE 299:1997—IEEE standard for measuring the effectiveness of the electromagnetic shielding enclosure. IEEE 376:1975 (R1998)—IEEE standard for the measurement of impulse strength and impulse bandwidth. IEEE 469:1988 (R1994)—IEEE recommended practice for voice-frequency electrical-noise tests of distribution transformers. IEEE 473:1985 (R1997)—IEEE recommended practice for an electromagnetic site survey (10 kHz to 10 GHz). IEEE 475:2000—IEEE standard measurement procedure for field-disturbance sensors, 300 MHz to 40 GHz. IEEE 518:1982 (R1996)—IEEE guide for the installation of electrical equipment to minimize noise inputs to controllers from external sources. IEEE 539:1990—IEEE standard definitions of terms relating to corona and field effects of overhead power lines. IEEE 644:1994—IEEE standard procedure for measurement of power frequency electric and magnetic fields from ac power lines. IEEE 776:1992 (R1998)—IEEE recommended practice for inductive coordination of electric supply and communication lines. IEEE 824:1994—IEEE standard for series capacitors in power systems. IEEE 935:1989 (R1995)—IEEE guide on terminology for tools and equipment to be used in live-line working (IEC 743:1983). IEEE 1036:1992—IEEE guide for application of shunt power capacitors. IEEE 1048:1990—IEEE guide for protective grounding of power lines. IEEE 1128:1998—IEEE recommended practice for radio-frequency (RF) absorber evaluation in the range of 30 MHz to 5 GHz. 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